Sources
On this page we have gathered the references for all scientific information on the website. The sources are listed by webpage.
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$3.4 trillion in annual US GDP loss caused by AMR by 2050
The World Bank website. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/drug-resistant-infections-a-threat-to-our-economic-future
1.7 million US adults develop sepsis every year/ 270,000 US adults die from sepsis every year
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/what-is-sepsis.html
Antimicrobial Resistance page
5 million global deaths are associated with AMR annually
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):629-655. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0.
10 million global deaths will be associated with AMR by 2050
O’Neill J. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. London: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2014. https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf
1 in 5 deaths from AMR are children
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):629-655. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0.
What is antimicrobial stewardship?
Promoting antimicrobial stewardship to tackle antimicrobial resistance, from the WHO: https://www.who.int/europe/activities/promoting-antimicrobial-stewardship-to-tackle-antimicrobial-resistance
Antimicrobial resistance infographic
Reygaert WC. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol. 2018 Jun 26;4(3):482-501. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482. PMID: 31294229; PMCID: PMC6604941.
Antimicrobial stewardship (Swedish page)
Strama (Strategigruppen för rationell antibiotikaanvändning och minskad antibiotikaresistens)
Rapport antimicrobial stewardship och antibiotikaronder vid svenska sjukhus Feb 2019
Sepsis page
The history of Sepsis with Homer and Hippocrates
Geroulanos, S., Douka, E.T. Historical perspective of the word “sepsis”. Intensive Care Med 32, 2077 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0392-2
Sepsis is caused by an underlying infection causing hyperinflammation
Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801-810 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
40% of sepsis patients suffer long term effects
Nutbeam T, Daniels R on behalf of the UK Sepsis Trust, The Sepsis Manual (AOMRC version). Available at sepsistrust.org/professional-resources/education-resources/
1/3 of sepsis patients are re-hospitalized within 90 days from discharge
Chang, D. W., Tseng, C. H. & Shapiro, M. F. Rehospitalizations Following Sepsis: Common and Costly. Crit Care Med 43, 2085-2093 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001159
There are 50 million sepsis cases worldwide every year, 11 million deaths. Half of sepsis cases are children – equivalent to 2.9 million deaths
Rudd, K. E. et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet 395, 200-211 (2020). https://doi. org:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32989-7
$60 billion is spent in US hospitals every year for the treatment of sepsis
Sepsis Alliance. www.sepsis.org. 2024.
$32,000 is the cost of sepsis per patient
Arefian, H. et al. Hospital-related cost of sepsis: A systematic review. J Infect 74, 107-117 (2017). https://doi. org:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.11.006
The incidence of sepsis rises by 13% every year
Gaieski, David F. MD1; Edwards, J. Matthew MD1; Kallan, Michael J. MS2; Carr, Brendan G. MD, MA, MS1,3. Benchmarking the Incidence and Mortality of Severe Sepsis in the United States*. Critical Care Medicine 41(5):p 1167-1174, May 2013. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8
Sepsis kills more people every year than cancer and aids combined
Our World in Data website. https://ourworldindata.org/cancer
Our World in Data website. https://ourworldindata.org/hiv-aids
Sepsis is a time-sensitive condition that demands immediate attention. Mortality increases with delayed treatment
Kumar, A. et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34, 1589-1596 (2006). https://doi.org:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9
Septic shock mortality exceeds 40%
Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801-810 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
Timely treatment is needed when treating patients with sepsis and septic shock
Ferrer, R. et al. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med 42, 1749-1755 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000330
Conventional AST methods take upwards of 48 hours
Gajic, I. et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 11 (2022). https://doi.org:10.3390/antibiotics11040427